Exercise U06a2 History of Etymologies

3. History of Etymologies

a. Bachelor-The word bachelor means an unmarried man. However, the word comes from the French word bacheler, which means a young man. The origin comes from the Latin language. In Latin, baccalaris, means a man who owns land. When we look even closer we see the word bacca, which means cow in Latin. The man could have owned a cow farm.

b. Bagel- Comes from the Yeddish word, beygel. Its origin comes German, boug, which means ring or bracelet.

c. Bikini- was named after a location where the U.S government completed a nuclear weapons test. The location was Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The inventor of the bikini wanted to use the news of this nuclear test to make a profit for his business.

d. Canada- comes from the Iroquois, kanata, which means town or village. The word was first published in the a journal dating back to the sixteenth century.

e. Colonel- comes from the Italian language, colonello or colonna, meaning commander of a military column. The French then adopted the rank, but switched the L sound to an R and they pronounced the word coronel. The English started using the word in the sixteenth century, but spelled it coronell.  By the seventeenth century the word colonel, was pronounced with an R instead of the L, and was an accepted spelling for the word.     

f. Doughnut- was first used by Washington Irving in his book  Knickerbocker’s History of New York. The dough is easy to explain, but why the nut. The nut refers to the size of the dough that was used to make the doughnuts during the nineteenth century.

g. Flea Market-  In French the word fleas means, low or cheap. The places that people had rented were called fleas because it meant that they were cheap and usually infested by fleas. The term flea market comes from the French phrase marché aux puces, which means market with fleas.  This translates to an open market where cheap goods can be bought.

h. Handicap- Is short for hand in the cap. Bettors would show up to put their wages in at a horse race. An umpire would determine the odds for a race. With their hands in the cap, the bettors would pull their hands from the cap and they would have to show whether they accepted or forfeited the bet.

i. Honeymoon- first apprears in the sixteenth century. It originally meant the first month of a marriage. Honey represents the sweetness of new love and moon represents the changes that will take place in the relationship over time.

j. Husband- comes from Old English. Hus, means house and the root word for the band is búa or bóa, which means to dwell. Therefore husband means one who lives in a house.  

Wilton, David. (2011) General format. Retrieved from http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php

4.

Phonetic Demand	Semantic Demand	Etymological Demand
Bat	trait-traitor	yield (old English)
Sip	sail- sailor	daily (old English)
Run	buy- buyer	hue (old English)
Lid	crawl-crawler	orchard (old English)
Zip	quiet-quieter	nostril (old English)

7.  Long /o/ sound

oCe	Ow	Oa	o
Note	Flown	Float	Open
Wrote	Grown	Boat	Don’t
Promote	Blown	Coat	Ogre
Remote	Stow	Gloat	Only
Pope	Flow	Throat	Robot
Rope	Mow	Loathe	Ocean
Strobe	Know	Soap	Oval

There are some generalizations that I can make when looking at the letter /o/ and the different variations of the letters to make the phoneme /o/.  The one generalization that I looked at involved the /ow/. When we make the /o/ sound, we do actually make the sound of the /w/ at the end of the phoneme.  Even though we do not hear the /w/ there is some representation of the sound. The next generalization I looked at was the letters /oa/. The phoneme of /o/ will be the only sound that is heard when placed next to the /a/.

Graphic Organizer Unit 6

Hi Everyone,

In an attempt to post my presentation directly on the blog, I came up short. I will post the link below and I hope that you will enjoy. Thank you.

                                    - Joe
http://prezi.com/geu96-aydvs3/copy-of-chapter-6-the-sounds-of-silence-steven-pinker-chapter-5-english-orthology-freeman-freeman-pages-98-114/

Minimal Pairs Activity

Kindergarten

The activity that I developed would be part of a center time activity where the students would be able to use movement along with reading the minimal pairs.
At the center there will be two sets of letters. The first set of minimal pairs that the students will see is b/a/t and s/a/t. The beginning and ending sounds will always be consonants and the middle sound vowels. Each letter is attached to other letters behind it. Like a flip chart.

     B                  a            t                                               S                    a             t
Beginning      Middle      End                                     Beginning     Middle      End


The student will have to throw a bean bag and try to land on the beginning, middle, or ending sound for one of the minimal pairs. In this case the student landed the bean bag on S. The student will then walk over to the S and replace it with the next letter on the flip chart. As you can see from the graphic below, the new letter is R. The student would then have to read each word before the next student could throw their bean bag.


      B                 a                t                               R                             a                    t
Beginning       Middle         End                      Beginning              Middle              End

When a student lands on the middle bean bag, then the vowel will change for both minimal pairs. If the vowel changes from an A to an I, the student will have to read both words and determine which word is real and which word is nonsense.


      B                   i               t                                     R                               i                  t

Beginning         Middle      End                             Beginning               Middle           End


After the each student in the group had five turns, the students will move to the next center.

Application Questions

#5 The phoneme that I chose is /c/. As we examine the phonemes, we get a much better understanding of the way in which the tongue positioning is assimilated to produce other sounds. The first word is cards. The tongue placement remains stable and the /c/ is not assimilated. The second word is clasp. The tongue placement is assimilated between the teeth to make the /l/ sound. The next word is church and the placement of the tongue is assimilated to the top of the mouth in order to blend the /c/ and /h/. The last word I chose to look at was crumble. The tongue placement is assimilated to the back of the mouth to make the /r/ sound. “The allophones of a phoneme are all perceived as the same sound despite the physical differences in their production.” (Freeman, 2004, 88) This holds true with every word except for church.    

#6 I have a friend who lives in Western Pennsylvania and when I first met him, there were some words that he used that were difficult to understand. I remember the first time he said crayon. It sounded like he said crown. I had no idea what he was talking about until he said “You know red, yellow, green, etc.” He would speak very fast and say things like “lookoverthere.” He blends the words he uses and it was hard to comprehend at times. His vocabulary was very different from mine. He would call soda, pop and sprinkles were called jimmies. There were a lot of different variations between my vocabulary and his. The syntax of the words he used was sometimes out of order. A good example of this is when he would say “Ready to go, are you?” Instead of are you ready to go. I know that he might have meant to indicate that he was ready, are you. However, I had never heard the sentence structure spoken that way. In a college environment I felt my friend was very comfortable with the dialect he spoke. I did take a class with him at one point in our college career and I could tell that he tried to control his dialect when talking to a professor or in front of the class. He liked where he was from and never had a problem with the people he spoke to.

I feel that dialect reduction is both good and bad. I feel that it is good for someone to learn the standard dialect in order to present themselves in a clear and respectful manner. I always remembered my mother saying “You only have one chance to make a good first impression.” However, I strongly believe that people should not forget where they come from. We live in the greatest country in the world with many different people. Our different dialects reflect who we are.